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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure question

2024 · 4 Apr · Shift 1 · Q18
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure question

2024 · 4 Apr · Shift 1 · Q18

JEE MainChemistryChemical Bonding and Molecular StructureMCQ+4 / −1
Which one of the following molecules has maximum dipole moment?
  1. A
    CH4\mathrm{CH}_4CH4​
  2. B
    NF3\mathrm{NF}_3NF3​
  3. C
    NH3\mathrm{NH}_3NH3​
  4. D
    PF5\mathrm{PF}_5PF5​
View written solutionFree

Correct answer: C

  1. Recall molecular shapes and dipole moment idea

    Dipole moment depends on:

    • bond polarity, and
    • molecular geometry (whether bond dipoles cancel or not).

    If the vector sum of all bond dipoles is zero, the molecule has zero dipole moment.

  2. Check each option

    A. CH4\mathrm{CH}_4CH4​

    • Shape: tetrahedral
    • All four C−H\mathrm{C-H}C−H bonds are symmetrically arranged.
    • Their dipole moments cancel completely.

    Hence, μ(CH4)=0\mu(\mathrm{CH}_4)=0μ(CH4​)=0

    B. NF3\mathrm{NF}_3NF3​

    • Shape: trigonal pyramidal
    • N−F\mathrm{N-F}N−F bonds are polar.
    • However, in NF3\mathrm{NF}_3NF3​, the bond dipoles and the lone pair effect oppose each other, so the net dipole moment is small.

    Thus, NF3\mathrm{NF}_3NF3​ has a small but nonzero dipole moment.

    C. NH3\mathrm{NH}_3NH3​

    • Shape: trigonal pyramidal
    • N−H\mathrm{N-H}N−H bond dipoles are directed such that they reinforce the direction associated with the lone pair.
    • Therefore, the net dipole moment is appreciable.

    In fact, μ(NH3)>μ(NF3)\mu(\mathrm{NH}_3) > \mu(\mathrm{NF}_3)μ(NH3​)>μ(NF3​)

    D. PF5\mathrm{PF}_5PF5​

    • Shape: trigonal bipyramidal
    • Symmetrical arrangement causes cancellation of bond dipoles.

    Hence, μ(PF5)=0\mu(\mathrm{PF}_5)=0μ(PF5​)=0

  3. Comparison

    • CH4\mathrm{CH}_4CH4​: 000
    • PF5\mathrm{PF}_5PF5​: 000
    • NF3\mathrm{NF}_3NF3​: small
    • NH3\mathrm{NH}_3NH3​: largest among these
  4. Final answer

    The molecule with maximum dipole moment is: NH3\boxed{\mathrm{NH}_3}NH3​​

    So, the correct option is C.

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