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Application of Derivatives question

2010 · Shift 1 · Q40
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Application of Derivatives question

2010 · Shift 1 · Q40

JEE AdvancedMathematicsApplication of DerivativesNumerical+4 / −1
Let fff be a real-valued differentiable function on RRR(the set of all real numbers) such that f(1)=1f(1)=1f(1)=1. If the yyy-intercept of the tangent at any point P(x,y)P(x,y)P(x,y) on the curve y=f(x)y=f(x)y=f(x) is equal to the cube of the abscissa of PPP, then find the value of f(−3)f(-3)f(−3)
Numerical answer
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Correct answer: 9

Step 1: Formulate the differential equation from the given information.

Let the curve be y=f(x)y = f(x)y=f(x). The tangent is drawn at an arbitrary point P(x,y)P(x, y)P(x,y) on this curve.

The slope of the tangent at point P(x,y)P(x,y)P(x,y) is given by the derivative of the function, m=f′(x)=dydxm = f'(x) = \frac{dy}{dx}m=f′(x)=dxdy​.

The equation of the tangent line at the point P(x,y)P(x, y)P(x,y) can be written using the point-slope form: Y−y=m(X−x)Y - y = m(X - x)Y−y=m(X−x) Y−y=f′(x)(X−x)Y - y = f'(x)(X - x)Y−y=f′(x)(X−x) where (X,Y)(X, Y)(X,Y) are the coordinates of any point on the tangent line.

To find the y-intercept of this tangent line, we set X=0X = 0X=0 in the equation: Yintercept−y=f′(x)(0−x)Y_{intercept} - y = f'(x)(0 - x)Yintercept​−y=f′(x)(0−x) Yintercept=y−xf′(x)Y_{intercept} = y - x f'(x)Yintercept​=y−xf′(x)

The problem states that the y-intercept of the tangent is equal to the cube of the abscissa of point PPP. The abscissa of P(x,y)P(x, y)P(x,y) is xxx. So, we have the condition: Yintercept=x3Y_{intercept} = x^3Yintercept​=x3

Equating the two expressions for the y-intercept, we get the differential equation: y−xf′(x)=x3y - x f'(x) = x^3y−xf′(x)=x3 y−xdydx=x3y - x \frac{dy}{dx} = x^3y−xdxdy​=x3

Step 2: Solve the differential equation.

Rearrange the differential equation into the standard linear form dydx+P(x)y=Q(x)\frac{dy}{dx} + P(x)y = Q(x)dxdy​+P(x)y=Q(x). −xdydx+y=x3-x \frac{dy}{dx} + y = x^3−xdxdy​+y=x3 xdydx−y=−x3x \frac{dy}{dx} - y = -x^3xdxdy​−y=−x3 Assuming x≠0x \neq 0x=0, we divide by xxx: dydx−1xy=−x2\frac{dy}{dx} - \frac{1}{x} y = -x^2dxdy​−x1​y=−x2 This is a linear first-order differential equation with P(x)=−1xP(x) = -\frac{1}{x}P(x)=−x1​ and Q(x)=−x2Q(x) = -x^2Q(x)=−x2.

We find the integrating factor (I.F.): I.F.=e∫P(x)dx=e∫−1xdx=e−ln⁡∣x∣=eln⁡(∣x∣−1)=1∣x∣I.F. = e^{\int P(x) dx} = e^{\int -\frac{1}{x} dx} = e^{-\ln|x|} = e^{\ln(|x|^{-1})} = \frac{1}{|x|}I.F.=e∫P(x)dx=e∫−x1​dx=e−ln∣x∣=eln(∣x∣−1)=∣x∣1​ For simplicity, let's work with x>0x > 0x>0, so I.F. = 1/x1/x1/x. The resulting function will be checked for validity for all real numbers.

Multiply the differential equation by the integrating factor: 1xdydx−1x2y=−x\frac{1}{x} \frac{dy}{dx} - \frac{1}{x^2} y = -xx1​dxdy​−x21​y=−x The left side is the derivative of (y⋅I.F.)(y \cdot I.F.)(y⋅I.F.): ddx(y⋅1x)=−x\frac{d}{dx} \left( y \cdot \frac{1}{x} \right) = -xdxd​(y⋅x1​)=−x

Now, integrate both sides with respect to xxx: ∫ddx(yx)dx=∫−xdx\int \frac{d}{dx} \left( \frac{y}{x} \right) dx = \int -x dx∫dxd​(xy​)dx=∫−xdx yx=−x22+C\frac{y}{x} = -\frac{x^2}{2} + Cxy​=−2x2​+C where CCC is the constant of integration.

Solving for yyy, we get the general solution for the function f(x)f(x)f(x): y=f(x)=−x32+Cxy = f(x) = -\frac{x^3}{2} + Cxy=f(x)=−2x3​+Cx

Step 3: Use the initial condition to find the constant C.

We are given that f(1)=1f(1) = 1f(1)=1. Substitute x=1x=1x=1 and y=1y=1y=1 into the general solution: 1=−(1)32+C(1)1 = -\frac{(1)^3}{2} + C(1)1=−2(1)3​+C(1) 1=−12+C1 = -\frac{1}{2} + C1=−21​+C C=1+12=32C = 1 + \frac{1}{2} = \frac{3}{2}C=1+21​=23​

Step 4: Determine the specific function f(x).

Substitute the value of CCC back into the general solution: f(x)=−x32+32xf(x) = -\frac{x^3}{2} + \frac{3}{2}xf(x)=−2x3​+23​x This function is a polynomial, so it is differentiable on all of RRR, satisfying the problem's condition.

Step 5: Calculate the value of f(-3).

Finally, we need to find the value of f(−3)f(-3)f(−3). Substitute x=−3x = -3x=−3 into the function: f(−3)=−(−3)32+32(−3)f(-3) = -\frac{(-3)^3}{2} + \frac{3}{2}(-3)f(−3)=−2(−3)3​+23​(−3) f(−3)=−−272−92f(-3) = -\frac{-27}{2} - \frac{9}{2}f(−3)=−2−27​−29​ f(−3)=272−92f(-3) = \frac{27}{2} - \frac{9}{2}f(−3)=227​−29​ f(−3)=27−92f(-3) = \frac{27 - 9}{2}f(−3)=227−9​ f(−3)=182f(-3) = \frac{18}{2}f(−3)=218​ f(−3)=9f(-3) = 9f(−3)=9

Thus, the value of f(−3)f(-3)f(−3) is 9.

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