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Application of Derivatives question

2009 · Shift 2 · Q28
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  5. /2009 · Shift 2 · Q28

Application of Derivatives question

2009 · Shift 2 · Q28

JEE AdvancedMathematicsApplication of DerivativesMultiple correct+4 / −2
For the function f(x)=xcos⁡ 1x,x≥1,f\left( x \right) = x\cos \,{1 \over x},x \ge 1,f(x)=xcosx1​,x≥1,
  1. A
    for at least one xxx in the interval [1,∞)\left[ {1,\infty } \right)[1,∞), f(x+2)−f(x)<2f\left( {x + 2} \right) - f\left( x \right) \lt 2f(x+2)−f(x)<2
  2. B
    lim⁡x→∞f′(x)=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f'\left( x \right) = 1x→∞lim​f′(x)=1
  3. C
    for all xxx in the interval [1,∞)f(x+2)−f(x)>2\left[ {1,\infty } \right)f\left( {x + 2} \right) - f\left( x \right) \gt 2[1,∞)f(x+2)−f(x)>2
  4. D
    f′(x)f'(x)f′(x) is strictly decreasing in the interval [1,∞)\left[ {1,\infty } \right)[1,∞)
View written solutionFree

Correct answer: B, C, D

The user wants me to solve a multiple-choice question with multiple correct answers from JEE Mathematics, specifically from the topic of Application of Derivatives.

Question: For the function f(x)=xcos⁡(1/x)f(x) = x \cos(1/x)f(x)=xcos(1/x), for x≥1x \ge 1x≥1.

Options: A: For at least one xxx in the interval [1,∞)[1, \infty)[1,∞), f(x+2)−f(x)<2f(x + 2) - f(x) < 2f(x+2)−f(x)<2. B: lim⁡x→∞f′(x)=1\lim_{x \to \infty} f'(x) = 1limx→∞​f′(x)=1. C: For all xxx in the interval [1,∞)[1, \infty)[1,∞), f(x+2)−f(x)>2f(x + 2) - f(x) > 2f(x+2)−f(x)>2. D: f′(x)f'(x)f′(x) is strictly decreasing in the interval [1,∞)[1, \infty)[1,∞).

Let's analyze the function f(x)=xcos⁡(1/x)f(x) = x \cos(1/x)f(x)=xcos(1/x) for x≥1x \ge 1x≥1.

Step 1: Analyze option B - Find the limit of the derivative. First, let's find the derivative of f(x)f(x)f(x), which we'll call f′(x)f'(x)f′(x). Using the product rule (uv)′=u′v+uv′(uv)' = u'v + uv'(uv)′=u′v+uv′, where u=xu=xu=x and v=cos⁡(1/x)v=\cos(1/x)v=cos(1/x). f′(x)=(1)cos⁡(1/x)+x⋅(−sin⁡(1/x))⋅(−1/x2)f'(x) = (1) \cos(1/x) + x \cdot (-\sin(1/x)) \cdot (-1/x^2)f′(x)=(1)cos(1/x)+x⋅(−sin(1/x))⋅(−1/x2) f′(x)=cos⁡(1/x)+1xsin⁡(1/x)f'(x) = \cos(1/x) + \frac{1}{x} \sin(1/x)f′(x)=cos(1/x)+x1​sin(1/x)

Now, let's find the limit as x→∞x \to \inftyx→∞. lim⁡x→∞f′(x)=lim⁡x→∞(cos⁡(1/x)+1xsin⁡(1/x))\lim_{x \to \infty} f'(x) = \lim_{x \to \infty} \left( \cos(1/x) + \frac{1}{x} \sin(1/x) \right)limx→∞​f′(x)=limx→∞​(cos(1/x)+x1​sin(1/x))

As x→∞x \to \inftyx→∞, 1/x→01/x \to 01/x→0. So, lim⁡x→∞cos⁡(1/x)=cos⁡(0)=1\lim_{x \to \infty} \cos(1/x) = \cos(0) = 1limx→∞​cos(1/x)=cos(0)=1. And for the second term, since ∣sin⁡(1/x)∣≤1|\sin(1/x)| \le 1∣sin(1/x)∣≤1, we have 0≤∣1xsin⁡(1/x)∣≤∣1x∣0 \le |\frac{1}{x} \sin(1/x)| \le |\frac{1}{x}|0≤∣x1​sin(1/x)∣≤∣x1​∣. By the Squeeze Theorem, as x→∞x \to \inftyx→∞, ∣1x∣→0|\frac{1}{x}| \to 0∣x1​∣→0, so lim⁡x→∞1xsin⁡(1/x)=0\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1}{x} \sin(1/x) = 0limx→∞​x1​sin(1/x)=0.

Therefore, lim⁡x→∞f′(x)=1+0=1\lim_{x \to \infty} f'(x) = 1 + 0 = 1limx→∞​f′(x)=1+0=1. So, option B is correct.

Step 2: Analyze option D - Check for monotonicity of f′(x)f'(x)f′(x). To do this, we need to find the second derivative, f′′(x)f''(x)f′′(x). f′′(x)=ddx(cos⁡(1/x)+1xsin⁡(1/x))f''(x) = \frac{d}{dx} \left( \cos(1/x) + \frac{1}{x} \sin(1/x) \right)f′′(x)=dxd​(cos(1/x)+x1​sin(1/x)) f′′(x)=−sin⁡(1/x)⋅(−1/x2)+(−1x2sin⁡(1/x)+1xcos⁡(1/x)⋅(−1/x2))f''(x) = -\sin(1/x) \cdot (-1/x^2) + \left( -\frac{1}{x^2} \sin(1/x) + \frac{1}{x} \cos(1/x) \cdot (-1/x^2) \right)f′′(x)=−sin(1/x)⋅(−1/x2)+(−x21​sin(1/x)+x1​cos(1/x)⋅(−1/x2)) f′′(x)=1x2sin⁡(1/x)−1x2sin⁡(1/x)−1x3cos⁡(1/x)f''(x) = \frac{1}{x^2} \sin(1/x) - \frac{1}{x^2} \sin(1/x) - \frac{1}{x^3} \cos(1/x)f′′(x)=x21​sin(1/x)−x21​sin(1/x)−x31​cos(1/x) f′′(x)=−1x3cos⁡(1/x)f''(x) = - \frac{1}{x^3} \cos(1/x)f′′(x)=−x31​cos(1/x)

Now we analyze the sign of f′′(x)f''(x)f′′(x) for x≥1x \ge 1x≥1.

  • Since x≥1x \ge 1x≥1, x3>0x^3 > 0x3>0, so −1/x3<0-1/x^3 < 0−1/x3<0.
  • For x≥1x \ge 1x≥1, we have 0<1/x≤10 < 1/x \le 10<1/x≤1. The angle 1/x1/x1/x is in radians. Since 1 radian≈57.3∘1 \text{ radian} \approx 57.3^\circ1 radian≈57.3∘ and π/2≈1.57\pi/2 \approx 1.57π/2≈1.57, the interval (0,1](0, 1](0,1] is within the first quadrant (0,π/2)(0, \pi/2)(0,π/2).
  • In the first quadrant, the cosine function is positive. So, cos⁡(1/x)>0\cos(1/x) > 0cos(1/x)>0 for all x≥1x \ge 1x≥1.

Therefore, f′′(x)=(negative)×(positive)<0f''(x) = (\text{negative}) \times (\text{positive}) < 0f′′(x)=(negative)×(positive)<0 for all x≥1x \ge 1x≥1. Since f′′(x)<0f''(x) < 0f′′(x)<0, the function f′(x)f'(x)f′(x) is strictly decreasing on the interval [1,∞)[1, \infty)[1,∞). So, option D is correct.

Step 3: Analyze options A and C - Investigate f(x+2)−f(x)f(x+2) - f(x)f(x+2)−f(x). We apply the Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem (MVT) to the function f(x)f(x)f(x) on the interval [x,x+2][x, x+2][x,x+2] for x≥1x \ge 1x≥1. MVT states that there exists a value c∈(x,x+2)c \in (x, x+2)c∈(x,x+2) such that: f′(c)=f(x+2)−f(x)(x+2)−x=f(x+2)−f(x)2f'(c) = \frac{f(x+2) - f(x)}{(x+2) - x} = \frac{f(x+2) - f(x)}{2}f′(c)=(x+2)−xf(x+2)−f(x)​=2f(x+2)−f(x)​ f(x+2)−f(x)=2f′(c)f(x+2) - f(x) = 2 f'(c)f(x+2)−f(x)=2f′(c)

From our previous analysis, we know:

  1. f′(x)f'(x)f′(x) is strictly decreasing on [1,∞)[1, \infty)[1,∞) (from Step 2).
  2. lim⁡x→∞f′(x)=1\lim_{x \to \infty} f'(x) = 1limx→∞​f′(x)=1 (from Step 1).

Since f′(x)f'(x)f′(x) is a strictly decreasing function and its limit at infinity is 1, it must be greater than its limit for all finite values in its domain. That is, f′(x)>1f'(x) > 1f′(x)>1 for all x∈[1,∞)x \in [1, \infty)x∈[1,∞).

To prove this rigorously, let t=1/xt = 1/xt=1/x. For x≥1x \ge 1x≥1, we have t∈(0,1]t \in (0, 1]t∈(0,1]. Let g(t)=f′(1/t)=cos⁡(t)+tsin⁡(t)g(t) = f'(1/t) = \cos(t) + t \sin(t)g(t)=f′(1/t)=cos(t)+tsin(t). We want to show g(t)>1g(t) > 1g(t)>1 for t∈(0,1]t \in (0, 1]t∈(0,1]. Consider the function h(t)=g(t)−1=cos⁡(t)+tsin⁡(t)−1h(t) = g(t) - 1 = \cos(t) + t \sin(t) - 1h(t)=g(t)−1=cos(t)+tsin(t)−1. Its derivative is h′(t)=−sin⁡(t)+(sin⁡(t)+tcos⁡(t))=tcos⁡(t)h'(t) = -\sin(t) + (\sin(t) + t \cos(t)) = t \cos(t)h′(t)=−sin(t)+(sin(t)+tcos(t))=tcos(t). For t∈(0,1]t \in (0, 1]t∈(0,1], t>0t > 0t>0 and cos⁡(t)>0\cos(t) > 0cos(t)>0. Thus, h′(t)>0h'(t) > 0h′(t)>0, which means h(t)h(t)h(t) is strictly increasing on (0,1](0, 1](0,1]. Therefore, for any t∈(0,1]t \in (0, 1]t∈(0,1], h(t)>lim⁡y→0+h(y)=cos⁡(0)+0⋅sin⁡(0)−1=1−1=0h(t) > \lim_{y \to 0^+} h(y) = \cos(0) + 0 \cdot \sin(0) - 1 = 1 - 1 = 0h(t)>limy→0+​h(y)=cos(0)+0⋅sin(0)−1=1−1=0. So, h(t)>0h(t) > 0h(t)>0, which means cos⁡(t)+tsin⁡(t)>1\cos(t) + t \sin(t) > 1cos(t)+tsin(t)>1. This confirms that f′(x)>1f'(x) > 1f′(x)>1 for all x≥1x \ge 1x≥1.

Now, returning to the MVT result: f(x+2)−f(x)=2f′(c)f(x+2) - f(x) = 2 f'(c)f(x+2)−f(x)=2f′(c) for some c∈(x,x+2)c \in (x, x+2)c∈(x,x+2). Since x≥1x \ge 1x≥1, we have c>1c > 1c>1. For any such ccc, we have shown that f′(c)>1f'(c) > 1f′(c)>1. Therefore, f(x+2)−f(x)=2f′(c)>2⋅1=2f(x+2) - f(x) = 2 f'(c) > 2 \cdot 1 = 2f(x+2)−f(x)=2f′(c)>2⋅1=2. This means f(x+2)−f(x)>2f(x+2) - f(x) > 2f(x+2)−f(x)>2 for all x∈[1,∞)x \in [1, \infty)x∈[1,∞).

This shows that option C is correct. Since f(x+2)−f(x)f(x+2) - f(x)f(x+2)−f(x) is always greater than 2, it can never be less than 2. Thus, option A is incorrect.

Conclusion: The correct options are B, C, and D.

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