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Atoms and Nuclei question

2013 · Shift 1 · Q60
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Atoms and Nuclei question

2013 · Shift 1 · Q60

JEE AdvancedPhysicsAtoms and NucleiNumerical+3 / −1
A freshly prepared sample of a radioisotope of half-life 1386 s has activity 103 disintegrations per second. Given that ln2 = 0.693, the fraction of the initial number of nuclei (expressed in nearest integer percentage) that will decay in the first 80 s after preparation of the sample is ‾\underline{\hspace{2cm}}​.
Numerical answer
View written solutionFree

Correct answer: 4

Step-by-step Solution:

  1. Identify the relevant physical principles: The decay of radioactive nuclei is governed by the law: N(t)=N0e−λtN(t) = N_0 e^{-\lambda t}N(t)=N0​e−λt where N0N_0N0​ is the initial number of nuclei, N(t)N(t)N(t) is the number of nuclei at time ttt, and λ\lambdaλ is the decay constant.

    The number of nuclei that have decayed by time ttt is ΔN=N0−N(t)\Delta N = N_0 - N(t)ΔN=N0​−N(t). The fraction of nuclei that have decayed is given by: f=ΔNN0=N0−N(t)N0=1−N(t)N0=1−e−λtf = \frac{\Delta N}{N_0} = \frac{N_0 - N(t)}{N_0} = 1 - \frac{N(t)}{N_0} = 1 - e^{-\lambda t}f=N0​ΔN​=N0​N0​−N(t)​=1−N0​N(t)​=1−e−λt

  2. Calculate the decay constant (λ\lambdaλ): The decay constant is related to the half-life (T1/2T_{1/2}T1/2​) by the formula: λ=ln⁡2T1/2\lambda = \frac{\ln 2}{T_{1/2}}λ=T1/2​ln2​ Given values are T1/2=1386T_{1/2} = 1386T1/2​=1386 s and ln⁡2=0.693\ln 2 = 0.693ln2=0.693. λ=0.6931386 s−1\lambda = \frac{0.693}{1386} \text{ s}^{-1}λ=13860.693​ s−1 We can simplify this calculation by noticing that 1386=2×6931386 = 2 \times 6931386=2×693. λ=0.6932×693=12000=0.0005 s−1\lambda = \frac{0.693}{2 \times 693} = \frac{1}{2000} = 0.0005 \text{ s}^{-1}λ=2×6930.693​=20001​=0.0005 s−1

  3. Calculate the fraction of decay in the given time: The time interval is t=80t = 80t=80 s. We need to calculate the value of f=1−e−λtf = 1 - e^{-\lambda t}f=1−e−λt. First, let's compute the exponent λt\lambda tλt: λt=(0.0005 s−1)×(80 s)=0.04\lambda t = (0.0005 \text{ s}^{-1}) \times (80 \text{ s}) = 0.04λt=(0.0005 s−1)×(80 s)=0.04

  4. Evaluate the fraction: Now substitute the value of λt\lambda tλt into the fraction formula: f=1−e−0.04f = 1 - e^{-0.04}f=1−e−0.04 Since the exponent λt=0.04\lambda t = 0.04λt=0.04 is very small compared to 1, we can use the Taylor series approximation e−x≈1−xe^{-x} \approx 1 - xe−x≈1−x for x≪1x \ll 1x≪1. f≈1−(1−λt)=λtf \approx 1 - (1 - \lambda t) = \lambda tf≈1−(1−λt)=λt f≈0.04f \approx 0.04f≈0.04 Note that the information about the initial activity (10310^3103 dps) is not needed to calculate the fraction of decayed nuclei.

  5. Convert the fraction to percentage and round to the nearest integer: To express the fraction as a percentage, we multiply by 100: Percentage decay=f×100%≈0.04×100%=4%\text{Percentage decay} = f \times 100\% \approx 0.04 \times 100\% = 4\%Percentage decay=f×100%≈0.04×100%=4%

    For a more precise verification: Using a calculator, e−0.04≈0.96079e^{-0.04} \approx 0.96079e−0.04≈0.96079. f=1−0.96079=0.03921f = 1 - 0.96079 = 0.03921f=1−0.96079=0.03921. Percentage decay = 0.03921×100%=3.921%0.03921 \times 100\% = 3.921\%0.03921×100%=3.921%. Rounding 3.921%3.921\%3.921% to the nearest integer gives 4%4\%4%.

Final Answer:

The fraction of the initial number of nuclei that will decay in the first 80 s is 4%.

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