$\bullet$ Amount of all the inorganic substances or nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium present in soil at any given time, is referred as standing state.

$\bullet$ Amount of living material present in different trophic levels at a given time, is referred s standing crop.

$\bullet$ Climax community is the last community in biotic succession which is relatively stable and is in near equilibrium with the environment of that area.