- Write the numerator in sigma form
The numerator is
(12−1)(n−1)+(22−2)(n−2)+⋯+((n−1)2−(n−1))⋅1.
This can be written as
Nn=k=1∑n−1(k2−k)(n−k).
Since
k2−k=k(k−1),
we expand:
Nn=k=1∑n−1(k2−k)(n−k)=nk=1∑n−1(k2−k)−k=1∑n−1(k3−k2).
So,
Nn=n(k=1∑n−1k2−k=1∑n−1k)−(k=1∑n−1k3−k=1∑n−1k2).
Thus,
Nn=(n+1)k=1∑n−1k2−nk=1∑n−1k−k=1∑n−1k3.
- Use standard summation formulas
Let m=n−1. Then
k=1∑n−1k=2(n−1)n,
k=1∑n−1k2=6(n−1)n(2n−1),
k=1∑n−1k3=(2(n−1)n)2.
Substitute:
Nn=(n+1)6(n−1)n(2n−1)−n⋅2(n−1)n−(2(n−1)n)2.
Factor n(n−1):
Nn=n(n−1)[6(n+1)(2n−1)−2n−4n(n−1)].
Take LCM 12 inside the bracket:
122(n+1)(2n−1)−6n−3n(n−1).
Now,
2(n+1)(2n−1)=2(2n2+n−1)=4n2+2n−2.
So numerator becomes
4n2+2n−2−6n−3n2+3n=n2−n−2=(n−2)(n+1).
Hence,
Nn=12n(n−1)(n−2)(n+1).
- Now simplify the denominator
The denominator is
Dn=(13+23+⋯+n3)−(12+22+⋯+n2).
Using formulas,
k=1∑nk3=(2n(n+1))2,
k=1∑nk2=6n(n+1)(2n+1).
Therefore,
Dn=(2n(n+1))2−6n(n+1)(2n+1).
Factor n(n+1):
Dn=n(n+1)[4n(n+1)−62n+1].
Take LCM 12:
Dn=n(n+1)⋅123n(n+1)−2(2n+1).
Simplify:
3n(n+1)−2(2n+1)=3n2+3n−4n−2=3n2−n−2=(3n+2)(n−1).
So,
Dn=12n(n+1)(n−1)(3n+2).
- Form the ratio
Thus,
DnNn=12n(n+1)(n−1)(3n+2)12n(n−1)(n−2)(n+1)=3n+2n−2.
- Take the limit
n→∞lim3n+2n−2=31.
- Compare with options
So the correct option is
31.
This corresponds to Option D.