Given differential equation
d y d x + 4 x x 2 − 1 y = x + 2 ( x 2 − 1 ) 5 / 2 , x > 1 \frac{dy}{dx}+\frac{4x}{x^2-1}y=\frac{x+2}{(x^2-1)^{5/2}}, \qquad x>1 d x d y + x 2 − 1 4 x y = ( x 2 − 1 ) 5/2 x + 2 , x > 1
This is a linear differential equation of the form
d y d x + P ( x ) y = Q ( x ) \frac{dy}{dx}+P(x)y=Q(x) d x d y + P ( x ) y = Q ( x )
with
P ( x ) = 4 x x 2 − 1 , Q ( x ) = x + 2 ( x 2 − 1 ) 5 / 2 . P(x)=\frac{4x}{x^2-1}, \qquad Q(x)=\frac{x+2}{(x^2-1)^{5/2}}. P ( x ) = x 2 − 1 4 x , Q ( x ) = ( x 2 − 1 ) 5/2 x + 2 .
Find the integrating factor
I.F. = e ∫ P ( x ) d x = e ∫ 4 x x 2 − 1 d x \text{I.F.}=e^{\int P(x)\,dx}=e^{\int \frac{4x}{x^2-1}\,dx} I.F. = e ∫ P ( x ) d x = e ∫ x 2 − 1 4 x d x
Let u = x 2 − 1 u=x^2-1 u = x 2 − 1 , then d u = 2 x d x du=2x\,dx d u = 2 x d x . Hence,
∫ 4 x x 2 − 1 d x = 2 ∫ 2 x x 2 − 1 d x = 2 ln ( x 2 − 1 ) \int \frac{4x}{x^2-1}\,dx=2\int \frac{2x}{x^2-1}\,dx=2\ln(x^2-1) ∫ x 2 − 1 4 x d x = 2 ∫ x 2 − 1 2 x d x = 2 ln ( x 2 − 1 )
since x > 1 x>1 x > 1 , x 2 − 1 > 0 x^2-1>0 x 2 − 1 > 0 .
Thus,
I.F. = e 2 ln ( x 2 − 1 ) = ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 . \text{I.F.}=e^{2\ln(x^2-1)}=(x^2-1)^2. I.F. = e 2 l n ( x 2 − 1 ) = ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 .
Multiply the equation by the integrating factor
( x 2 − 1 ) 2 d y d x + 4 x x 2 − 1 ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 y = ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 ⋅ x + 2 ( x 2 − 1 ) 5 / 2 (x^2-1)^2\frac{dy}{dx}+\frac{4x}{x^2-1}(x^2-1)^2y=(x^2-1)^2\cdot \frac{x+2}{(x^2-1)^{5/2}} ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 d x d y + x 2 − 1 4 x ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 y = ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 ⋅ ( x 2 − 1 ) 5/2 x + 2
So,
d d x [ ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 y ] = x + 2 x 2 − 1 . \frac{d}{dx}\left[(x^2-1)^2y\right]=\frac{x+2}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}. d x d [ ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 y ] = x 2 − 1 x + 2 .
Hence,
( x 2 − 1 ) 2 y = ∫ x + 2 x 2 − 1 d x + C . (x^2-1)^2y=\int \frac{x+2}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}\,dx+C. ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 y = ∫ x 2 − 1 x + 2 d x + C .
Evaluate the integral
Split it as:
∫ x + 2 x 2 − 1 d x = ∫ x x 2 − 1 d x + 2 ∫ 1 x 2 − 1 d x . \int \frac{x+2}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}dx=\int \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}dx+2\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}dx. ∫ x 2 − 1 x + 2 d x = ∫ x 2 − 1 x d x + 2 ∫ x 2 − 1 1 d x .
Now,
∫ x x 2 − 1 d x = x 2 − 1 \int \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}dx=\sqrt{x^2-1} ∫ x 2 − 1 x d x = x 2 − 1
and for x > 1 x>1 x > 1 ,
∫ 1 x 2 − 1 d x = ln ( x + x 2 − 1 ) . \int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}dx=\ln\left(x+\sqrt{x^2-1}\right). ∫ x 2 − 1 1 d x = ln ( x + x 2 − 1 ) .
Therefore,
( x 2 − 1 ) 2 y = x 2 − 1 + 2 ln ( x + x 2 − 1 ) + C . (x^2-1)^2y=\sqrt{x^2-1}+2\ln\left(x+\sqrt{x^2-1}\right)+C. ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 y = x 2 − 1 + 2 ln ( x + x 2 − 1 ) + C .
So,
y = x 2 − 1 + 2 ln ( x + x 2 − 1 ) + C ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 . y=\frac{\sqrt{x^2-1}+2\ln\left(x+\sqrt{x^2-1}\right)+C}{(x^2-1)^2}. y = ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 x 2 − 1 + 2 ln ( x + x 2 − 1 ) + C .
Use the condition y ( 2 ) = 2 9 ln ( 2 + 3 ) y(2)=\dfrac{2}{9}\ln(2+\sqrt{3}) y ( 2 ) = 9 2 ln ( 2 + 3 )
At x = 2 x=2 x = 2 ,
x 2 − 1 = 3 , x 2 − 1 = 3 . x^2-1=3, \qquad \sqrt{x^2-1}=\sqrt{3}. x 2 − 1 = 3 , x 2 − 1 = 3 .
Hence,
y ( 2 ) = 3 + 2 ln ( 2 + 3 ) + C 9 . y(2)=\frac{\sqrt{3}+2\ln(2+\sqrt{3})+C}{9}. y ( 2 ) = 9 3 + 2 ln ( 2 + 3 ) + C .
Given,
3 + 2 ln ( 2 + 3 ) + C 9 = 2 9 ln ( 2 + 3 ) . \frac{\sqrt{3}+2\ln(2+\sqrt{3})+C}{9}=\frac{2}{9}\ln(2+\sqrt{3}). 9 3 + 2 ln ( 2 + 3 ) + C = 9 2 ln ( 2 + 3 ) .
Multiply by 9 9 9 :
3 + 2 ln ( 2 + 3 ) + C = 2 ln ( 2 + 3 ) . \sqrt{3}+2\ln(2+\sqrt{3})+C=2\ln(2+\sqrt{3}). 3 + 2 ln ( 2 + 3 ) + C = 2 ln ( 2 + 3 ) .
Thus,
C = − 3 . C=-\sqrt{3}. C = − 3 .
So the solution is
y = x 2 − 1 + 2 ln ( x + x 2 − 1 ) − 3 ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 . y=\frac{\sqrt{x^2-1}+2\ln\left(x+\sqrt{x^2-1}\right)-\sqrt{3}}{(x^2-1)^2}. y = ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 x 2 − 1 + 2 ln ( x + x 2 − 1 ) − 3 .
Find y ( 2 ) y(\sqrt{2}) y ( 2 )
At x = 2 x=\sqrt{2} x = 2 ,
x 2 − 1 = 1 , x 2 − 1 = 1 , ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 = 1. x^2-1=1, \qquad \sqrt{x^2-1}=1, \qquad (x^2-1)^2=1. x 2 − 1 = 1 , x 2 − 1 = 1 , ( x 2 − 1 ) 2 = 1.
Therefore,
y ( 2 ) = 1 + 2 ln ( 2 + 1 ) − 3 . y(\sqrt{2})=1+2\ln(\sqrt{2}+1)-\sqrt{3}. y ( 2 ) = 1 + 2 ln ( 2 + 1 ) − 3 .
So,
y ( 2 ) = 2 ln ( 1 + 2 ) + 1 − 3 . y(\sqrt{2})=2\ln(1+\sqrt{2})+1-\sqrt{3}. y ( 2 ) = 2 ln ( 1 + 2 ) + 1 − 3 .
This is given in the form
α ln ( α + β ) + β − γ . \alpha \ln(\sqrt{\alpha}+\beta)+\beta-\sqrt{\gamma}. α ln ( α + β ) + β − γ .
Comparing,
α = 2 , β = 1 , γ = 3. \alpha=2, \quad \beta=1, \quad \gamma=3. α = 2 , β = 1 , γ = 3.
Thus,
α β γ = 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 3 = 6. \alpha\beta\gamma=2\cdot 1\cdot 3=6. α β γ = 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 3 = 6.
Comparison with stored answer
Derived answer = 6 6 6 .
Stored correct answer = 6 6 6 .
They agree.