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Limits Continuity and Differentiability question

2020 · Shift 2 · Q27
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  5. /2020 · Shift 2 · Q27

Limits Continuity and Differentiability question

2020 · Shift 2 · Q27

JEE AdvancedMathematicsLimits Continuity and DifferentiabilityMultiple correct+4 / −2
Let f : R →\to→ R and g : R →\to→ R be functions satisfying f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + f(x)f(y) and f(x) = xg(x) for all x, y ∈\in∈ R. If lim⁡x→0g(x)=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} g(x) = 1x→0lim​g(x)=1, then which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
  1. A
    f is differentiable at every x ∈\in∈ R
  2. B
    If g(0) = 1, then g is differentiable at every x ∈\in∈ R
  3. C
    The derivative f'(1) is equal to 1
  4. D
    The derivative f'(0) is equal to 1
View written solutionFree

Correct answer: A, B, D

Step 1: Determine the function f(x)

  1. The given functional equation is f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + f(x)f(y) for all x,y∈Rx, y \in Rx,y∈R.
  2. We can rewrite this equation by adding 1 to both sides: 1+f(x+y)=1+f(x)+f(y)+f(x)f(y)1 + f(x + y) = 1 + f(x) + f(y) + f(x)f(y)1+f(x+y)=1+f(x)+f(y)+f(x)f(y) 1+f(x+y)=(1+f(x))(1+f(y))1 + f(x + y) = (1 + f(x))(1 + f(y))1+f(x+y)=(1+f(x))(1+f(y))
  3. Let's define a new function h(x) = 1 + f(x). Substituting this into the equation, we get: h(x+y)=h(x)h(y)h(x + y) = h(x)h(y)h(x+y)=h(x)h(y)
  4. This is a standard functional equation. If h is a continuous function, its solutions are of the form h(x)=axh(x) = a^xh(x)=ax for some constant a > 0, or h(x) = 0 for all x.
    • If h(x) = 0, then f(x) = -1. In this case, g(x) = f(x)/x = -1/x. The limit lim⁡x→0g(x)\lim_{x \to 0} g(x)limx→0​g(x) does not exist, which contradicts the given condition. So, h(x) cannot be identically zero.
    • Thus, we must have h(x)=axh(x) = a^xh(x)=ax for some a > 0.
  5. This implies 1+f(x)=ax1 + f(x) = a^x1+f(x)=ax, so f(x)=ax−1f(x) = a^x - 1f(x)=ax−1.
  6. We are given f(x) = xg(x) and lim⁡x→0g(x)=1\lim_{x \to 0} g(x) = 1limx→0​g(x)=1. From this, we can find the value of a: lim⁡x→0g(x)=lim⁡x→0f(x)x=1\lim_{x \to 0} g(x) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f(x)}{x} = 1limx→0​g(x)=limx→0​xf(x)​=1 lim⁡x→0ax−1x=1\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{a^x - 1}{x} = 1limx→0​xax−1​=1
  7. We know the standard limit lim⁡t→0at−1t=ln⁡(a)\lim_{t \to 0} \frac{a^t - 1}{t} = \ln(a)limt→0​tat−1​=ln(a).
  8. Therefore, ln⁡(a)=1\ln(a) = 1ln(a)=1, which means a = e.
  9. So, the function is f(x)=ex−1f(x) = e^x - 1f(x)=ex−1.

Step 2: Evaluate each statement

A: f is differentiable at every x ∈ R

  • We found f(x)=ex−1f(x) = e^x - 1f(x)=ex−1.
  • The derivative is f′(x)=ddx(ex−1)=exf'(x) = \frac{d}{dx}(e^x - 1) = e^xf′(x)=dxd​(ex−1)=ex.
  • The function exe^xex is defined and finite for all x∈Rx \in Rx∈R.
  • Therefore, f(x) is differentiable at every x∈Rx \in Rx∈R.
  • Statement A is TRUE.

D: The derivative f'(0) is equal to 1

  • We have f′(x)=exf'(x) = e^xf′(x)=ex.
  • At x = 0, the derivative is f′(0)=e0=1f'(0) = e^0 = 1f′(0)=e0=1.
  • Statement D is TRUE.

C: The derivative f'(1) is equal to 1

  • We have f′(x)=exf'(x) = e^xf′(x)=ex.
  • At x = 1, the derivative is f′(1)=e1=ef'(1) = e^1 = ef′(1)=e1=e.
  • Since e≈2.718e \approx 2.718e≈2.718, f′(1)≠1f'(1) \neq 1f′(1)=1.
  • Statement C is FALSE.

B: If g(0) = 1, then g is differentiable at every x ∈ R

  • From f(x) = xg(x), we have g(x)=f(x)x=ex−1xg(x) = \frac{f(x)}{x} = \frac{e^x - 1}{x}g(x)=xf(x)​=xex−1​ for x≠0x \neq 0x=0.
  • Given g(0) = 1, the function g(x) is defined as: g(x)={ex−1xif x≠01if x=0g(x) = \begin{cases} \frac{e^x - 1}{x} & \text{if } x \neq 0 \\ 1 & \text{if } x = 0 \end{cases}g(x)={xex−1​1​if x=0if x=0​
  • Note that lim⁡x→0ex−1x=1=g(0)\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x - 1}{x} = 1 = g(0)limx→0​xex−1​=1=g(0), so g(x) is continuous at x=0.
  • For x≠0x \neq 0x=0, we find the derivative using the quotient rule: g′(x)=(ex)(x)−(ex−1)(1)x2=xex−ex+1x2g'(x) = \frac{(e^x)(x) - (e^x - 1)(1)}{x^2} = \frac{xe^x - e^x + 1}{x^2}g′(x)=x2(ex)(x)−(ex−1)(1)​=x2xex−ex+1​ This exists for all x≠0x \neq 0x=0.
  • To check differentiability at x = 0, we use the limit definition of the derivative: g′(0)=lim⁡h→0g(0+h)−g(0)h=lim⁡h→0eh−1h−1hg'(0) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{g(0+h) - g(0)}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\frac{e^h - 1}{h} - 1}{h}g′(0)=limh→0​hg(0+h)−g(0)​=limh→0​hheh−1​−1​ g′(0)=lim⁡h→0eh−1−hh2g'(0) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{e^h - 1 - h}{h^2}g′(0)=limh→0​h2eh−1−h​
  • This is an indeterminate form 0/0. We can apply L'Hopital's Rule: g′(0)=lim⁡h→0ddh(eh−1−h)ddh(h2)=lim⁡h→0eh−12hg'(0) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\frac{d}{dh}(e^h - 1 - h)}{\frac{d}{dh}(h^2)} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{e^h - 1}{2h}g′(0)=limh→0​dhd​(h2)dhd​(eh−1−h)​=limh→0​2heh−1​
  • This is still 0/0. Applying L'Hopital's Rule again: g′(0)=lim⁡h→0ddh(eh−1)ddh(2h)=lim⁡h→0eh2=e02=12g'(0) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\frac{d}{dh}(e^h - 1)}{\frac{d}{dh}(2h)} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{e^h}{2} = \frac{e^0}{2} = \frac{1}{2}g′(0)=limh→0​dhd​(2h)dhd​(eh−1)​=limh→0​2eh​=2e0​=21​
  • Since g'(0) exists (and is equal to 1/2), g(x) is differentiable at x=0.
  • Since g(x) is differentiable for all x≠0x \neq 0x=0 and also at x=0, it is differentiable at every x∈Rx \in Rx∈R.
  • Statement B is TRUE.

Conclusion

The true statements are A, B, and D.

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