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Limits Continuity and Differentiability question

2017 · Shift 1 · Q23
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  4. /Limits Continuity and Differentiability
  5. /2017 · Shift 1 · Q23

Limits Continuity and Differentiability question

2017 · Shift 1 · Q23

JEE AdvancedMathematicsLimits Continuity and DifferentiabilityMultiple correct+4 / −1
Let [x] be the greatest integer less than or equals to x. Then, at which of the following point(s) the function f(x)=xcos⁡(π(x+[x]))f(x) = x\cos (\pi (x + [x]))f(x)=xcos(π(x+[x])) is discontinuous?
  1. A
    x = −-− 1
  2. B
    x = 1
  3. C
    x = 0
  4. D
    x = 2
View written solutionFree

Correct answer: A, B, D

We need to find where f(x)=xcos⁡(π(x+[x]))f(x)=x\cos\big(\pi(x+[x])\big)f(x)=xcos(π(x+[x])) is discontinuous among the given points.

A function involving [x][x][x] can only have possible discontinuities at integers, because [x][x][x] is continuous on each interval (n,n+1)(n,n+1)(n,n+1) and jumps at integers.

So we only need to test the given integer points: x=−1,1,0,2x=-1,1,0,2x=−1,1,0,2.


1. Simplify the function on intervals

Let x=n+tx=n+tx=n+t where n=[x]n=[x]n=[x] and 0≤t<10\le t<10≤t<1. Then [x]=n,[x]=n,[x]=n, so x+[x]=(n+t)+n=2n+t.x+[x]=(n+t)+n=2n+t.x+[x]=(n+t)+n=2n+t. Hence cos⁡(π(x+[x]))=cos⁡(π(2n+t)).\cos\big(\pi(x+[x])\big)=\cos\big(\pi(2n+t)\big).cos(π(x+[x]))=cos(π(2n+t)). Using periodicity, cos⁡(π(2n+t))=cos⁡(2nπ+πt)=cos⁡(πt).\cos(\pi(2n+t))=\cos(2n\pi+\pi t)=\cos(\pi t).cos(π(2n+t))=cos(2nπ+πt)=cos(πt). But since t=x−nt=x-nt=x−n, cos⁡(πt)=cos⁡(π(x−n))=cos⁡(πx−nπ)=(−1)ncos⁡(πx).\cos(\pi t)=\cos(\pi(x-n))=\cos(\pi x- n\pi)=(-1)^n\cos(\pi x).cos(πt)=cos(π(x−n))=cos(πx−nπ)=(−1)ncos(πx). A cleaner way near an integer is to directly use one-sided values.


2. Check continuity at a general integer x=nx=nx=n

At x=nx=nx=n, f(n)=ncos⁡(π(n+[n]))=ncos⁡(π(n+n))=ncos⁡(2nπ)=n.f(n)=n\cos(\pi(n+[n]))=n\cos(\pi(n+n))=n\cos(2n\pi)=n.f(n)=ncos(π(n+[n]))=ncos(π(n+n))=ncos(2nπ)=n. So the function value at integer nnn is f(n)=n.f(n)=n.f(n)=n.

Left-hand limit at x=nx=nx=n

For x→n−x\to n^-x→n−, we have [x]=n−1[x]=n-1[x]=n−1. Thus f(x)=xcos⁡(π(x+n−1)).f(x)=x\cos\big(\pi(x+n-1)\big).f(x)=xcos(π(x+n−1)). Taking limit as x→nx\to nx→n, lim⁡x→n−f(x)=ncos⁡(π(n+n−1))=ncos⁡((2n−1)π).\lim_{x\to n^-} f(x)=n\cos\big(\pi(n+n-1)\big)=n\cos((2n-1)\pi).limx→n−​f(x)=ncos(π(n+n−1))=ncos((2n−1)π). Since cos⁡((2n−1)π)=−1\cos((2n-1)\pi)=-1cos((2n−1)π)=−1, lim⁡x→n−f(x)=−n.\lim_{x\to n^-} f(x)=-n.limx→n−​f(x)=−n.

Right-hand limit at x=nx=nx=n

For x→n+x\to n^+x→n+, we have [x]=n[x]=n[x]=n. Thus f(x)=xcos⁡(π(x+n)).f(x)=x\cos\big(\pi(x+n)\big).f(x)=xcos(π(x+n)). So lim⁡x→n+f(x)=ncos⁡(π(n+n))=ncos⁡(2nπ)=n.\lim_{x\to n^+} f(x)=n\cos\big(\pi(n+n)\big)=n\cos(2n\pi)=n.limx→n+​f(x)=ncos(π(n+n))=ncos(2nπ)=n.

Thus at integer nnn: LHL=−n,RHL=n,f(n)=n.\text{LHL}=-n,\qquad \text{RHL}=n,\qquad f(n)=n.LHL=−n,RHL=n,f(n)=n.

For continuity, we need −n=n,-n=n,−n=n, which gives n=0.n=0.n=0. So the function is continuous at x=0x=0x=0 and discontinuous at every nonzero integer.


3. Test the given options

A: x=−1x=-1x=−1

Here n=−1≠0n=-1\ne 0n=−1=0. So discontinuous.

B: x=1x=1x=1

Here n=1≠0n=1\ne 0n=1=0. So discontinuous.

C: x=0x=0x=0

Here n=0n=0n=0. Then LHL=0,RHL=0,f(0)=0,\text{LHL}=0,\quad \text{RHL}=0,\quad f(0)=0,LHL=0,RHL=0,f(0)=0, so continuous.

D: x=2x=2x=2

Here n=2≠0n=2\ne 0n=2=0. So discontinuous.


4. Final answer

The function is discontinuous at x=−1,  1,  2.x=-1,\;1,\;2.x=−1,1,2. So the correct options are: A, B, D\boxed{\text{A, B, D}}A, B, D​


5. Comparison with stored correct answer

Stored correct answer: A, B, D

Our derived answer matches it exactly.

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