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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure question

2020 · Shift 2 · Q2
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure question

2020 · Shift 2 · Q2

JEE AdvancedChemistryChemical Bonding and Molecular StructureNumerical+3 / −1
Consider the following compounds in the liquid form : O2O_2O2​, HFHFHF, H2OH_2OH2​O, NH3NH_3NH3​, H2O2H_2O_2H2​O2​, CCl4CCl_4CCl4​, CHCl3CHCl_3CHCl3​, C6H6C_6H_6C6​H6​, C6H5ClC_6H_5ClC6​H5​Cl When a charged comb is brought near their flowing stream, how many of them show deflection as per the following figure? JEE Advanced 2020 Paper 2 Offline Chemistry - Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure Question 15 English
Numerical answer
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Correct answer: 6

The phenomenon described involves the deflection of a flowing stream of a liquid when a charged comb is brought near it. This deflection occurs for polar liquids. A charged comb generates a non-uniform electric field in its vicinity. Polar molecules, which have a permanent net dipole moment, will align themselves with this electric field. Due to the non-uniformity of the field, the force on the end of the dipole closer to the comb is stronger than the force on the end farther away, resulting in a net attraction towards the comb, causing the stream to deflect.

Nonpolar molecules do not have a permanent dipole moment and are not significantly affected by the static electric field. Therefore, a stream of a nonpolar liquid will not show any noticeable deflection.

To answer the question, we need to determine which of the given compounds are polar (i.e., have a non-zero net dipole moment, μ≠0\mu \neq 0μ=0).

  1. O2O_2O2​ (Oxygen): This is a homonuclear diatomic molecule. The bond between the two oxygen atoms is nonpolar, and the molecule itself is nonpolar (μ=0\mu = 0μ=0). It will not be deflected.

  2. HFHFHF (Hydrogen Fluoride): This is a heteronuclear diatomic molecule. Due to the large difference in electronegativity between fluorine and hydrogen, the H−FH-FH−F bond is highly polar, and the molecule has a significant dipole moment (μ≠0\mu \neq 0μ=0). It will be deflected.

  3. H2OH_2OH2​O (Water): The water molecule has a bent (V-shaped) geometry due to the two lone pairs on the central oxygen atom. The O−HO-HO−H bonds are polar. Because of the bent shape, the bond dipoles do not cancel out, resulting in a net dipole moment for the molecule (μ≠0\mu \neq 0μ=0). It will be deflected.

  4. NH3NH_3NH3​ (Ammonia): Ammonia has a trigonal pyramidal structure with a lone pair on the nitrogen atom. The N−HN-HN−H bonds are polar. The geometry is not planar, so the bond dipoles do not cancel, leading to a net dipole moment (μ≠0\mu \neq 0μ=0). It will be deflected.

  5. H2O2H_2O_2H2​O2​ (Hydrogen Peroxide): This molecule has a non-planar, open-book structure. The O−HO-HO−H bonds are polar. Due to its asymmetrical structure, the bond dipoles do not cancel each other out, resulting in a net dipole moment (μ≠0\mu \neq 0μ=0). It will be deflected.

  6. CCl4CCl_4CCl4​ (Carbon Tetrachloride): This molecule has a symmetrical tetrahedral geometry. Although the individual C−ClC-ClC−Cl bonds are polar, their vector sum is zero due to the symmetry of the molecule. Thus, CCl4CCl_4CCl4​ is nonpolar (μ=0\mu = 0μ=0). It will not be deflected.

  7. CHCl3CHCl_3CHCl3​ (Chloroform): This molecule has a tetrahedral geometry, but it is not symmetrical because the four atoms attached to the central carbon are not identical (one H and three Cl). The dipole moments of the three C−ClC-ClC−Cl bonds and one C−HC-HC−H bond do not cancel out. Therefore, chloroform is a polar molecule (μ≠0\mu \neq 0μ=0). It will be deflected.

  8. C6H6C_6H_6C6​H6​ (Benzene): Benzene is a planar, highly symmetrical hexagonal molecule. Any small polarity in the C−HC-HC−H bonds is cancelled out by the symmetry of the structure. Benzene is nonpolar (μ=0\mu = 0μ=0). It will not be deflected.

  9. C6H5ClC_6H_5ClC6​H5​Cl (Chlorobenzene): The substitution of a chlorine atom for a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring breaks its symmetry. The C−ClC-ClC−Cl bond is polar, which gives the molecule a net dipole moment (μ≠0\mu \neq 0μ=0). It will be deflected.

The compounds that will show deflection are the polar ones: HF,H2O,NH3,H2O2,CHCl3,C6H5ClHF, H_2O, NH_3, H_2O_2, CHCl_3, C_6H_5ClHF,H2​O,NH3​,H2​O2​,CHCl3​,C6​H5​Cl.

Counting these compounds, we find there are 6 of them.

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