In which of the following processes entropy increases?
A. A liquid evaporates to vapour.
B. Temperature of a crystalline solid lowered from to .
C.
D.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
- AA and C
- BA, B and D
- CA, C and D
- DC and D
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Correct answer: C
The concept of entropy in thermodynamics refers to the degree of randomness or disorder in a system. An increase in entropy is generally associated with processes in which disorder increases. Let's analyze each option listed:
A. A liquid evaporates to vapour.
During the evaporation of a liquid to form a vapour, the molecules of the substance move from a relatively ordered state (liquid) to a more disordered state (vapour). In a vapour, the molecules have more freedom of motion and are less confined than in a liquid. This transition from liquid to vapour increases the randomness or disorder of the system, hence, the entropy increases.
B. Temperature of a crystalline solid lowered from $130 \mathrm{~K}$ to $0 \mathrm{~K}$.
Reducing the temperature of a crystalline solid generally decreases the entropy of the system. As the temperature decreases, the molecular motion within the solid becomes more restricted, leading to a decrease in randomness. At absolute zero ($0 \mathrm{~K}$), the entropy is at its lowest possible value (ideally zero for a perfect crystal), as the molecular motion is minimized to only quantum mechanical vibrations.
C. $$2 \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3(s)} \rightarrow \mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{CO}_{3(s)}+\mathrm{CO}_{2(g)}+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}_{(g)}$$
In this chemical reaction, solid sodium bicarbonate decomposes to form solid sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide gas, and water vapor. The formation of gases from a solid significantly increases the entropy of the system because gases have much higher randomness due to their free molecular motion compared to solids.
D. $$\mathrm{Cl}_{2(g)} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{Cl}_{(g)}$$
The dissociation of chlorine gas ($\mathrm{Cl}_2$) into atomic chlorine ($\mathrm{Cl}$) represents a transition from a diatomic molecule to two separate atoms. This increases the number of particles in the gas phase, leading to increased randomness and disorder, hence, increasing the entropy.
Conclusion: Based on our analysis, processes A, C, and D involve an increase in entropy, as they each lead to greater disorder or randomness in the system. Option B is incorrect as it wrongly includes lowering the temperature of a solid as increasing entropy. Therefore, the correct answer is:
Option C :
A, C and D
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