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Matrices and Determinants question

2015 · Shift 0 · Q33
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  5. /2015 · Shift 0 · Q33

Matrices and Determinants question

2015 · Shift 0 · Q33

JEE MainMathematicsMatrices and DeterminantsMCQ+4 / −1
The set of all values of λ\lambdaλ for which the system of linear equations: 2x1−2x2+x3=λx12x1−3x2+2x3=λx2−x1+2x2=λx3\begin{matrix} {2{x_1} - 2{x_2} + {x_3} = \lambda {x_1}} \\ {2{x_1} - 3{x_2} + 2{x_3} = \lambda {x_2}} \\ { - {x_1} + 2{x_2} = \lambda {x_3}} \\ \end{matrix}2x1​−2x2​+x3​=λx1​2x1​−3x2​+2x3​=λx2​−x1​+2x2​=λx3​​ has a non-trivial solution
  1. A
    contains two elements
  2. B
    contains more than two elements
  3. C
    in an empty set
  4. D
    is a singleton
View written solutionFree

Correct answer: A

  1. Write the system in matrix form

Given

2x1−2x2+x3=λx1,2x1−3x2+2x3=λx2,−x1+2x2=λx3.\begin{aligned} 2x_1-2x_2+x_3 &= \lambda x_1,\\ 2x_1-3x_2+2x_3 &= \lambda x_2,\\ -x_1+2x_2 &= \lambda x_3. \end{aligned}2x1​−2x2​+x3​2x1​−3x2​+2x3​−x1​+2x2​​=λx1​,=λx2​,=λx3​.​

Bring all terms to the left:

(2−λ)x1−2x2+x3=0,2x1+(−3−λ)x2+2x3=0,−x1+2x2−λx3=0.\begin{aligned} (2-\lambda)x_1-2x_2+x_3 &=0,\\ 2x_1+(-3-\lambda)x_2+2x_3 &=0,\\ -x_1+2x_2-\lambda x_3 &=0. \end{aligned}(2−λ)x1​−2x2​+x3​2x1​+(−3−λ)x2​+2x3​−x1​+2x2​−λx3​​=0,=0,=0.​

So the coefficient matrix is

A=(2−λ−212−3−λ2−12−λ).A=\begin{pmatrix} 2-\lambda & -2 & 1\\ 2 & -3-\lambda & 2\\ -1 & 2 & -\lambda \end{pmatrix}.A=​2−λ2−1​−2−3−λ2​12−λ​​.

For a non-trivial solution, we need

det⁡(A)=0.\det(A)=0.det(A)=0.
  1. Compute the determinant
det⁡(A)=∣2−λ−212−3−λ2−12−λ∣.\det(A)= \begin{vmatrix} 2-\lambda & -2 & 1\\ 2 & -3-\lambda & 2\\ -1 & 2 & -\lambda \end{vmatrix}.det(A)=​2−λ2−1​−2−3−λ2​12−λ​​.

Expanding along the first row:

det⁡(A)=(2−λ)∣−3−λ22−λ∣−(−2)∣22−1−λ∣+1∣2−3−λ−12∣.\det(A)=(2-\lambda) \begin{vmatrix} -3-\lambda & 2\\ 2 & -\lambda \end{vmatrix} -(-2) \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 2\\ -1 & -\lambda \end{vmatrix} +1\begin{vmatrix} 2 & -3-\lambda\\ -1 & 2 \end{vmatrix}.det(A)=(2−λ)​−3−λ2​2−λ​​−(−2)​2−1​2−λ​​+1​2−1​−3−λ2​​.

Now compute minors:

∣−3−λ22−λ∣=(−3−λ)(−λ)−4=λ(3+λ)−4=λ2+3λ−4.\begin{vmatrix} -3-\lambda & 2\\ 2 & -\lambda \end{vmatrix} =(-3-\lambda)(-\lambda)-4=\lambda(3+\lambda)-4=\lambda^2+3\lambda-4.​−3−λ2​2−λ​​=(−3−λ)(−λ)−4=λ(3+λ)−4=λ2+3λ−4. ∣22−1−λ∣=2(−λ)−2(−1)=−2λ+2=2(1−λ).\begin{vmatrix} 2 & 2\\ -1 & -\lambda \end{vmatrix} =2(-\lambda)-2(-1)= -2\lambda+2=2(1-\lambda).​2−1​2−λ​​=2(−λ)−2(−1)=−2λ+2=2(1−λ). ∣2−3−λ−12∣=4−(3+λ)=1−λ.\begin{vmatrix} 2 & -3-\lambda\\ -1 & 2 \end{vmatrix} =4-(3+\lambda)=1-\lambda.​2−1​−3−λ2​​=4−(3+λ)=1−λ.

Therefore,

det⁡(A)=(2−λ)(λ2+3λ−4)+2⋅2(1−λ)+(1−λ).\det(A)=(2-\lambda)(\lambda^2+3\lambda-4)+2\cdot 2(1-\lambda)+(1-\lambda).det(A)=(2−λ)(λ2+3λ−4)+2⋅2(1−λ)+(1−λ).

So,

det⁡(A)=(2−λ)(λ2+3λ−4)+4(1−λ)+(1−λ).\det(A)=(2-\lambda)(\lambda^2+3\lambda-4)+4(1-\lambda)+(1-\lambda).det(A)=(2−λ)(λ2+3λ−4)+4(1−λ)+(1−λ). det⁡(A)=(2−λ)(λ2+3λ−4)+5(1−λ).\det(A)=(2-\lambda)(\lambda^2+3\lambda-4)+5(1-\lambda).det(A)=(2−λ)(λ2+3λ−4)+5(1−λ).

Expand:

(2−λ)(λ2+3λ−4)=2λ2+6λ−8−λ3−3λ2+4λ=−λ3−λ2+10λ−8.(2-\lambda)(\lambda^2+3\lambda-4)=2\lambda^2+6\lambda-8-\lambda^3-3\lambda^2+4\lambda =-\lambda^3-\lambda^2+10\lambda-8.(2−λ)(λ2+3λ−4)=2λ2+6λ−8−λ3−3λ2+4λ=−λ3−λ2+10λ−8.

Hence,

det⁡(A)=−λ3−λ2+10λ−8+5−5λ=−λ3−λ2+5λ−3.\det(A)=-\lambda^3-\lambda^2+10\lambda-8+5-5\lambda =-\lambda^3-\lambda^2+5\lambda-3.det(A)=−λ3−λ2+10λ−8+5−5λ=−λ3−λ2+5λ−3.

Thus

det⁡(A)=−(λ3+λ2−5λ+3).\det(A)=-(\lambda^3+\lambda^2-5\lambda+3).det(A)=−(λ3+λ2−5λ+3).

We need

λ3+λ2−5λ+3=0.\lambda^3+\lambda^2-5\lambda+3=0.λ3+λ2−5λ+3=0.
  1. Factor the cubic

Test rational roots ±1,±3\pm 1, \pm 3±1,±3.

For λ=1\lambda=1λ=1:

1+1−5+3=0.1+1-5+3=0.1+1−5+3=0.

So (λ−1)(\lambda-1)(λ−1) is a factor.

Divide:

λ3+λ2−5λ+3=(λ−1)(λ2+2λ−3).\lambda^3+\lambda^2-5\lambda+3=(\lambda-1)(\lambda^2+2\lambda-3).λ3+λ2−5λ+3=(λ−1)(λ2+2λ−3).

Now factor the quadratic:

λ2+2λ−3=(λ+3)(λ−1).\lambda^2+2\lambda-3=(\lambda+3)(\lambda-1).λ2+2λ−3=(λ+3)(λ−1).

Hence

λ3+λ2−5λ+3=(λ−1)2(λ+3).\lambda^3+\lambda^2-5\lambda+3=(\lambda-1)^2(\lambda+3).λ3+λ2−5λ+3=(λ−1)2(λ+3).

Therefore,

det⁡(A)=0  ⟺  (λ−1)2(λ+3)=0.\det(A)=0 \iff (\lambda-1)^2(\lambda+3)=0.det(A)=0⟺(λ−1)2(λ+3)=0.

So the values of λ\lambdaλ are

λ=1, −3.\lambda=1,\,-3.λ=1,−3.
  1. Count the distinct values

The set of all values of λ\lambdaλ is

{1,−3}.\{1,-3\}.{1,−3}.

This set contains two elements.

So the correct option is:

A\boxed{\text{A}}A​
  1. Comparison with stored answer

Stored correct answer: A

Our derived answer: A

They agree.

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