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Definite Integration question

2017 · Shift 2 · Q27
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  5. /2017 · Shift 2 · Q27

Definite Integration question

2017 · Shift 2 · Q27

JEE AdvancedMathematicsDefinite IntegrationMultiple correct+4 / −2
If I=∑olimitsk=198∫kk+1k+1x(x+1)dxI = \sum olimits_{k = 1}^{98} {\int_k^{k + 1} {{{k + 1} \over {x(x + 1)}}} dx}I=∑olimitsk=198​∫kk+1​x(x+1)k+1​dx, then
  1. A
    I>log⁡e99I \gt {\log _e}99I>loge​99
  2. B
    I<log⁡e99I \lt {\log _e}99I<loge​99
  3. C
    I<4950I \lt {{49} \over {50}}I<5049​
  4. D
    I>4950I \gt {{49} \over {50}}I>5049​
View written solutionFree

Correct answer: B, D

  1. Write the sum clearly

Given

I=∑k=198∫kk+1k+1x(x+1) dxI=\sum_{k=1}^{98}\int_k^{k+1}\frac{k+1}{x(x+1)}\,dxI=k=1∑98​∫kk+1​x(x+1)k+1​dx

We evaluate the general term

Ik=∫kk+1k+1x(x+1) dx.I_k=\int_k^{k+1}\frac{k+1}{x(x+1)}\,dx.Ik​=∫kk+1​x(x+1)k+1​dx.
  1. Use partial fractions

Recall

1x(x+1)=1x−1x+1.\frac{1}{x(x+1)}=\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{x+1}.x(x+1)1​=x1​−x+11​.

So

Ik=(k+1)∫kk+1(1x−1x+1)dx.I_k=(k+1)\int_k^{k+1}\left(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{x+1}\right)dx.Ik​=(k+1)∫kk+1​(x1​−x+11​)dx.
  1. Integrate

Thus

Ik=(k+1)[ln⁡x−ln⁡(x+1)]kk+1.I_k=(k+1)\left[\ln x-\ln(x+1)\right]_k^{k+1}.Ik​=(k+1)[lnx−ln(x+1)]kk+1​.

Now evaluate at the limits:

Ik=(k+1)(ln⁡k+1k+2−ln⁡kk+1)I_k=(k+1)\left(\ln\frac{k+1}{k+2}-\ln\frac{k}{k+1}\right)Ik​=(k+1)(lnk+2k+1​−lnk+1k​) =(k+1)ln⁡((k+1)2k(k+2)).=(k+1)\ln\left(\frac{(k+1)^2}{k(k+2)}\right).=(k+1)ln(k(k+2)(k+1)2​).

Since

(k+1)2=k(k+2)+1,(k+1)^2=k(k+2)+1,(k+1)2=k(k+2)+1,

this becomes

Ik=(k+1)ln⁡(1+1k(k+2)).I_k=(k+1)\ln\left(1+\frac{1}{k(k+2)}\right).Ik​=(k+1)ln(1+k(k+2)1​).

That form is not the easiest for summation, so we use another approach.

  1. Compare the integrand with simpler functions

For x∈[k,k+1]x\in[k,k+1]x∈[k,k+1], we have

x≤k+1  ⟹  k+1x≥1,x\le k+1 \implies \frac{k+1}{x}\ge 1,x≤k+1⟹xk+1​≥1,

and hence

k+1x(x+1)≥1x+1.\frac{k+1}{x(x+1)}\ge \frac{1}{x+1}.x(x+1)k+1​≥x+11​.

Also,

x≥k  ⟹  k+1x≤k+1k,x\ge k \implies \frac{k+1}{x}\le \frac{k+1}{k},x≥k⟹xk+1​≤kk+1​,

but a better comparison is:

x≥k  ⟹  k+1x≤k+1k,x\ge k \implies \frac{k+1}{x}\le \frac{k+1}{k},x≥k⟹xk+1​≤kk+1​,

not immediately useful. Instead observe

x≤k+1  ⟹  x+1≤k+2,x\le k+1 \implies x+1\le k+2,x≤k+1⟹x+1≤k+2,

so comparisons are easier directly:

Because x∈[k,k+1]x\in[k,k+1]x∈[k,k+1],

k≤x≤k+1.k\le x\le k+1.k≤x≤k+1.

Thus

k+1x≥1\frac{k+1}{x}\ge 1xk+1​≥1

which gives

k+1x(x+1)≥1x+1.\frac{k+1}{x(x+1)}\ge \frac{1}{x+1}.x(x+1)k+1​≥x+11​.

Integrating from kkk to k+1k+1k+1,

Ik≥∫kk+11x+1 dx=ln⁡k+2k+1.I_k\ge \int_k^{k+1}\frac{1}{x+1}\,dx=\ln\frac{k+2}{k+1}.Ik​≥∫kk+1​x+11​dx=lnk+1k+2​.

Also, since x≥kx\ge kx≥k,

k+1x≤k+1k,\frac{k+1}{x}\le \frac{k+1}{k},xk+1​≤kk+1​,

so

k+1x(x+1)≤k+1k⋅1x+1,\frac{k+1}{x(x+1)}\le \frac{k+1}{k}\cdot \frac{1}{x+1},x(x+1)k+1​≤kk+1​⋅x+11​,

which is not ideal. A sharper simple upper bound is obtained from

x+1≥k+1  ⟹  1x+1≤1k+1,x+1\ge k+1 \implies \frac{1}{x+1}\le \frac{1}{k+1},x+1≥k+1⟹x+11​≤k+11​,

so

k+1x(x+1)≤1x.\frac{k+1}{x(x+1)}\le \frac{1}{x}.x(x+1)k+1​≤x1​.

Indeed,

k+1x(x+1)≤1x  ⟺  k+1≤x+1  ⟺  x≥k,\frac{k+1}{x(x+1)}\le \frac{1}{x} \iff k+1\le x+1 \iff x\ge k,x(x+1)k+1​≤x1​⟺k+1≤x+1⟺x≥k,

which is true.

Hence

Ik≤∫kk+11x dx=ln⁡k+1k.I_k\le \int_k^{k+1}\frac{1}{x}\,dx=\ln\frac{k+1}{k}.Ik​≤∫kk+1​x1​dx=lnkk+1​.

Therefore,

ln⁡k+2k+1≤Ik≤ln⁡k+1k.\ln\frac{k+2}{k+1}\le I_k\le \ln\frac{k+1}{k}.lnk+1k+2​≤Ik​≤lnkk+1​.
  1. Sum over k=1k=1k=1 to 989898

Summing the lower bounds:

I≥∑k=198ln⁡k+2k+1=ln⁡∏k=198k+2k+1.I\ge \sum_{k=1}^{98}\ln\frac{k+2}{k+1} =\ln\prod_{k=1}^{98}\frac{k+2}{k+1}.I≥k=1∑98​lnk+1k+2​=lnk=1∏98​k+1k+2​.

This telescopes:

∏k=198k+2k+1=32⋅43⋯10099=1002=50.\prod_{k=1}^{98}\frac{k+2}{k+1}=\frac{3}{2}\cdot\frac{4}{3}\cdots\frac{100}{99}=\frac{100}{2}=50.k=1∏98​k+1k+2​=23​⋅34​⋯99100​=2100​=50.

So

I≥ln⁡50.I\ge \ln 50.I≥ln50.

Summing the upper bounds:

I≤∑k=198ln⁡k+1k=ln⁡∏k=198k+1k=ln⁡99.I\le \sum_{k=1}^{98}\ln\frac{k+1}{k} =\ln\prod_{k=1}^{98}\frac{k+1}{k} =\ln 99.I≤k=1∑98​lnkk+1​=lnk=1∏98​kk+1​=ln99.

In fact the inequality is strict, because on each interval [k,k+1][k,k+1][k,k+1],

k+1x(x+1)<1x\frac{k+1}{x(x+1)}<\frac{1}{x}x(x+1)k+1​<x1​

for all x>kx>kx>k (except only at the single point x=kx=kx=k), hence

Ik<∫kk+11x dx.I_k<\int_k^{k+1}\frac{1}{x}\,dx.Ik​<∫kk+1​x1​dx.

Therefore

I<ln⁡99.I<\ln 99.I<ln99.

So option B is correct and option A is false.

  1. Check against 4950\dfrac{49}{50}5049​

From the lower bound,

I≥ln⁡50.I\ge \ln 50.I≥ln50.

Now

ln⁡50>1>4950.\ln 50>1>\frac{49}{50}.ln50>1>5049​.

Hence certainly

I>4950.I>\frac{49}{50}.I>5049​.

So option D is correct and option C is false.

  1. Final conclusion

Correct options are:

B, D\boxed{\text{B, D}}B, D​
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