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Complex Numbers question

2020 · Shift 2 · Q19
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Complex Numbers question

2020 · Shift 2 · Q19

JEE AdvancedMathematicsComplex NumbersNumerical+3 / −1
For a complex number z, let Re(z) denote that real part of z. Let S be the set of all complex numbers z satisfying z4−∣z∣4=4iz2{z^4} - |z{|^4} = 4i{z^2}z4−∣z∣4=4iz2, where i = −1\sqrt { - 1}−1​. Then the minimum possible value of |z1 −-− z2|2, where z1, z2 ∈\in∈ S with Re(z1) > 0 and Re(z2) < 0 is .........
Numerical answer
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Correct answer: 8

Let z=x+iy ,x,y∈R.z=x+iy \, ,\quad x,y\in \mathbb R.z=x+iy,x,y∈R. Then ∣z∣2=x2+y2,|z|^2=x^2+y^2,∣z∣2=x2+y2, so ∣z∣4=(x2+y2)2.|z|^4=(x^2+y^2)^2.∣z∣4=(x2+y2)2.

We are given z4−∣z∣4=4iz2.z^4-|z|^4=4iz^2.z4−∣z∣4=4iz2. We must find all such zzz, then minimize ∣z1−z2∣2|z_1-z_2|^2∣z1​−z2​∣2 for z1,z2∈Sz_1,z_2\in Sz1​,z2​∈S with Re⁡(z1)>0\operatorname{Re}(z_1)>0Re(z1​)>0 and Re⁡(z2)<0\operatorname{Re}(z_2)<0Re(z2​)<0.


1. Use polar form

Let z=reiθ,r≥0.z=re^{i\theta},\quad r\ge 0.z=reiθ,r≥0. Then z2=r2ei2θ,z4=r4ei4θ,∣z∣4=r4.z^2=r^2e^{i2\theta},\qquad z^4=r^4e^{i4\theta},\qquad |z|^4=r^4.z2=r2ei2θ,z4=r4ei4θ,∣z∣4=r4. So the equation becomes r4(ei4θ−1)=4ir2ei2θ.r^4(e^{i4\theta}-1)=4ir^2e^{i2\theta}.r4(ei4θ−1)=4ir2ei2θ.

Case 1: r=0r=0r=0

Then z=0z=0z=0, which satisfies the equation. But it cannot be used in the final condition since its real part is neither positive nor negative.

Case 2: r>0r>0r>0

Divide by r2ei2θr^2e^{i2\theta}r2ei2θ: r2ei4θ−1ei2θ=4i.r^2\frac{e^{i4\theta}-1}{e^{i2\theta}}=4i.r2ei2θei4θ−1​=4i. Now ei4θ−1ei2θ=ei2θ−e−i2θ=2isin⁡2θ.\frac{e^{i4\theta}-1}{e^{i2\theta}}=e^{i2\theta}-e^{-i2\theta}=2i\sin 2\theta.ei2θei4θ−1​=ei2θ−e−i2θ=2isin2θ. Hence r2(2isin⁡2θ)=4i.r^2(2i\sin 2\theta)=4i.r2(2isin2θ)=4i. Cancelling 2i2i2i, r2sin⁡2θ=2.r^2\sin 2\theta=2.r2sin2θ=2. Thus every nonzero solution satisfies r^2\sin 2\theta=2.\tag{1}

Since sin⁡2θ≤1\sin 2\theta\le 1sin2θ≤1, we get r2≥2.r^2\ge 2.r2≥2.


2. Convert condition into Cartesian form

Using sin⁡2θ=2xyr2,\sin 2\theta=\frac{2xy}{r^2},sin2θ=r22xy​, equation (1) gives r2⋅2xyr2=2r^2\cdot \frac{2xy}{r^2}=2r2⋅r22xy​=2 which simplifies to 2xy=2  ⟹  xy=1.2xy=2\implies xy=1.2xy=2⟹xy=1.

So the set of all nonzero solutions is S∖{0}={x+iy:xy=1}.S\setminus\{0\}=\{x+iy:xy=1\}.S∖{0}={x+iy:xy=1}. Including 000, the full solution set is S={0}∪{x+iy:xy=1}.S=\{0\}\cup\{x+iy:xy=1\}.S={0}∪{x+iy:xy=1}.

For the required condition:

  • Re⁡(z1)>0⇒x1>0\operatorname{Re}(z_1)>0 \Rightarrow x_1>0Re(z1​)>0⇒x1​>0,
  • Re⁡(z2)<0⇒x2<0\operatorname{Re}(z_2)<0 \Rightarrow x_2<0Re(z2​)<0⇒x2​<0.

Since xy=1xy=1xy=1, xxx and yyy have the same sign. Therefore:

  • if x1>0x_1>0x1​>0, then y1=1/x1>0y_1=1/x_1>0y1​=1/x1​>0,
  • if x2<0x_2<0x2​<0, then y2=1/x2<0y_2=1/x_2<0y2​=1/x2​<0.

So write z1=x1+i1x1,x1>0,z_1=x_1+i\frac1{x_1},\quad x_1>0,z1​=x1​+ix1​1​,x1​>0, z2=x2+i1x2,x2<0.z_2=x_2+i\frac1{x_2},\quad x_2<0.z2​=x2​+ix2​1​,x2​<0.


3. Compute ∣z1−z2∣2|z_1-z_2|^2∣z1​−z2​∣2

We have ∣z1−z2∣2=(x1−x2)2+(1x1−1x2)2.|z_1-z_2|^2=(x_1-x_2)^2+\left(\frac1{x_1}-\frac1{x_2}\right)^2.∣z1​−z2​∣2=(x1​−x2​)2+(x1​1​−x2​1​)2. Let x2=−t,t>0.x_2=-t,\quad t>0.x2​=−t,t>0. Also let x1=s,s>0.x_1=s,\quad s>0.x1​=s,s>0. Then z1=s+i1s,z2=−t−i1t.z_1=s+i\frac1s,\qquad z_2=-t-i\frac1t.z1​=s+is1​,z2​=−t−it1​. Hence ∣z1−z2∣2=(s+t)2+(1s+1t)2.|z_1-z_2|^2=(s+t)^2+\left(\frac1s+\frac1t\right)^2.∣z1​−z2​∣2=(s+t)2+(s1​+t1​)2. So we must minimize f(s,t)=(s+t)2+(1s+1t)2,s,t>0.f(s,t)=(s+t)^2+\left(\frac1s+\frac1t\right)^2,\qquad s,t>0.f(s,t)=(s+t)2+(s1​+t1​)2,s,t>0.


4. Minimize the expression

Set u=s+t,v=1s+1t.u=s+t,\qquad v=\frac1s+\frac1t.u=s+t,v=s1​+t1​. By AM-GM, s+t≥2st,s+t\ge 2\sqrt{st},s+t≥2st​, and also 1s+1t≥2st.\frac1s+\frac1t\ge \frac{2}{\sqrt{st}}.s1​+t1​≥st​2​. Thus f(s,t)=u2+v2≥4st+4st.f(s,t)=u^2+v^2\ge 4st+\frac{4}{st}.f(s,t)=u2+v2≥4st+st4​. Now let p=st>0.p=st>0.p=st>0. Then f(s,t)≥4(p+1p).f(s,t)\ge 4\left(p+\frac1p\right).f(s,t)≥4(p+p1​). By AM-GM, p+1p≥2,p+\frac1p\ge 2,p+p1​≥2, so f(s,t)≥8.f(s,t)\ge 8.f(s,t)≥8. Equality holds when simultaneously s=ts=ts=t and p=1⇒st=1.p=1\Rightarrow st=1.p=1⇒st=1. Therefore s=t=1.s=t=1.s=t=1.

This gives z1=1+i,z2=−1−i,z_1=1+i,\qquad z_2=-1-i,z1​=1+i,z2​=−1−i, and indeed both satisfy xy=1xy=1xy=1. Then ∣z1−z2∣2=∣(1+i)−(−1−i)∣2=∣2+2i∣2=4+4=8.|z_1-z_2|^2=|(1+i)-(-1-i)|^2=|2+2i|^2=4+4=8.∣z1​−z2​∣2=∣(1+i)−(−1−i)∣2=∣2+2i∣2=4+4=8.


5. Final answer

The minimum possible value is 8.\boxed{8}.8​.

This matches the stored correct answer.

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