Which of the following are required for the dark reaction of photosynthesis?
A. Light
B. Chlorophyll
C.
D. ATP
E. NADPH
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
- AA, B and C only
- BB, C and D only
- CC, D and E only
- DD and E only
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Correct answer: C
The dark reactions of photosynthesis, also known as the Calvin cycle, do not directly require light to proceed and hence are termed "dark reactions." The reactions occur in the stroma of chloroplasts and primarily involve the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide ($\mathrm{CO}_2$). Here's an analysis of the options provided:
- A. Light: Not required for the dark reactions themselves; these reactions are light-independent.
- B. Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll is essential for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where it absorbs light energy and helps convert it into chemical energy. It is not used directly in the dark reactions.
- C. $\mathrm{CO}_2$: Carbon dioxide is a critical substrate in the dark reactions. It is fixed into organic sugars through a series of enzymatic steps in the Calvin cycle.
- D. ATP: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a vital energy carrier generated in the light reactions. It provides the energy required for the synthesis of glucose from $\mathrm{CO}_2$ in the dark reactions.
- E. NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is another product of the light reactions and acts as a reducing agent, donating electrons during the reduction of $\mathrm{CO}_2$ to form glucose in the Calvin cycle.
Given this understanding, the components required for the dark reaction are $\mathrm{CO}_2$ for carbon fixation, ATP for energy, and NADPH for reducing power. Therefore, the parts necessary from the given list are C, D, and E. So, the correct answer to this question is:
Option C: C, D, and E only
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